Characterization model of the post COVID-19 condition based on immunological, biochemical, and cytokine markers

Abstract

Post-coronavirus disease condition (PCC) continues to affect many people globally, yet there remains a lack of diagnostic biomarkers to distinguish PCC from those recovered from acute COVID-19. This study compared biomarkers between two age- and gender-matched groups: PCC individuals and those recovered within three months of acute COVID-19 in 2020 ( = 85 each). Biomarkers were assessed 12-24 months after initial diagnosis, examining biochemical profiles, blood cell counts, coagulation status, antibody serology, lymphocyte populations, and cytokine levels. PCC individuals exhibited significant alterations in 49 of 167 markers, including K+ levels, αGAD antibodies, antithrombin III, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). A panel of αGAD, IL-10, potassium levels, and CD16CD56 cell presence distinguished PCC individuals from recovered patients with >88% accuracy and <92% precision.