Inflammation-Related Signature Profile Expression as a Poor Prognosis Marker after Oxaliplatin Treatment in Colorectal Cancer

Abstract

Oxaliplatin is successfully used to eradicate micro-metastasis and improve survival, whereas the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in the early stages of colorectal cancer remains controversial. Inflammation plays a crucial role in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Inflammatory mechanisms are mediated by different immune cells through different cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory molecules that trigger cell progression, an increase of cancer stem cell population, hyperplasia, and metastasis. This study focuses on the analysis of the oxaliplatin effect on tumourspheres formation efficiency, cell viability, cancer stem cells and stemness marker mRNA expression, as well as inflammation-related signature profile expression and its prognosis in primary- and metastatic-derived colorectal tumourspheres derived from colorectal cell lines isolated from the same patient 1 year apart. The results indicate that primary-derived colorectal tumourspheres respond to oxaliplatin, adapting to the adverse conditions through the modulation of CSCs and the stemness properties of tumourspheres. However, metastatic-derived colorectal tumourspheres response led to the release of cytokines and chemokines, promoting an inflammatory process. In addition, the expression of inflammatory markers showing greater difference between primary and metastatic tumours after oxaliplatin treatment correlates with poor prognosis in KM survival studies and is associated with a metastatic phenotype. Our data demonstrated that oxaliplatin triggers an inflammation-related signature profile expression in primary-derived colorectal tumourspheres, related with poor prognosis and a metastatic phenotype, which allow the tumour cells to adapt to the adverse condition. These data highlight the need for of drug testing and personalized medicine in the early stages of colorectal cancer.