Rosselló, XavierGonzález-Del-Hoyo, Maribel2024-10-042024-10-042022-01Rossello X, González-Del-Hoyo M. Survival analyses in cardiovascular research, part II: statistical methods in challenging situations. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2022 Jan;75(1):77-85.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13003/20154https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/23532This is an postprint (Accepted Manuscript) of an article published by Elsevier in Revista Española de Cardiología on 21 July 2021,available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2021.07.001This article is the second of a series of 2 educational articles. In the first article, we described the basic concepts of survival analysis, summarizing the common statistical methods and providing a set of recommendations to guide the strategy of survival analyses in randomized clinical trials and observational studies. Here, we introduce stratified Cox models and frailty models, as well as the immortal time bias arising from a poor assessment of time-dependent variables. To address the issue of multiplicity of outcomes, we provide several modelling strategies to deal with other types of time-to-event data analyses, such as competing risks, multistate models, and recurrent-event methods. This review is illustrated with examples from previous cardiovascular research publications, and each statistical method is discussed alongside its main strengths and limitations. Finally, we provide some general observations about alternative statistical methods with less restrictive assumptions, such as the win ratio method, the restrictive mean survival time, and accelerated failure time model.engSMURhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/PrognosisProportional Hazards ModelsHumansSurvival AnalysisSurvival RateRetrospective StudiesAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional343260227517710.1016/j.rec.2021.07.0011885-5857Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.)open accessModelos de Riesgos ProporcionalesTasa de SupervivenciaHumanosPronósticoAnálisis de SupervivenciaEstudios Retrospectivos2-s2.0-85114250277745030500012L2014434156