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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Monge-Maillo, Begoña author Norman, Francesca F author Cruz, Israel author Alvar, Jorge author López-Vélez, Rogelio author 2014-08 Visceral leishmaniasis is hypoendemic in Mediterranean countries, where it is caused by the flagellate protozoan Leishmania infantum. VL cases in this area account for 5%-6% of the global burden. Cases of Leishmania/HIV coinfection have been reported in the Mediterranean region, mainly in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Since highly active antiretroviral therapy was introduced in 1997, a marked decrease in the number of coinfected cases in this region has been reported. The development of new diagnostic methods to accurately identify level of parasitemia and the risk of relapse is one of the main challenges in improving the treatment of coinfected patients. Clinical trials in the Mediterranean region are needed to determine the most adequate therapeutic options for Leishmania/HIV patients as well as the indications and regimes for secondary prophylaxis. This article reviews the epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of Leishmania/HIV coinfection in the Mediterranean region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Aug 21;8(8):e3021. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003021 1935-2735 1935-2735 PLoS neglected tropical diseases 25144380 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/8732 Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in the Mediterranean region