2026-07-21T14:41:55Zhttps://repisalud.isciii.es/rest/oai/request

oai:repisalud.isciii.es:20.500.12105/76052025-06-19T11:25:58Zcom_20.500.12105_2052com_20.500.12105_2051col_20.500.12105_19608col_20.500.12105_19613

00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Gullen, Pedro author Bilal, Usama author Cebrecos, Alba author Badland, Hannah author Galan, Iñaki author Franco, Manuel author 2017 BACKGROUND: Previous studies found a complex relationship between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and walkability. These studies did not include neighborhood dynamics. Our aim was to study the association between area-level SES and walkability in the city of Madrid (Spain) evaluating the potential effect modification of neighborhood dynamics. METHODS: All census sections of the city of Madrid (n = 2415) were included. Area-level SES was measured using a composite index of 7 indicators in 4 domains (education, wealth, occupation and living conditions). Two neighborhood dynamics factors were computed: gentrification, proxied by change in education levels in the previous 10 years, and neighborhood age, proxied by median year of construction of housing units in the area. Walkability was measured using a composite index of 4 indicators (Residential Density, Population Density, Retail Destinations and Street Connectivity). We modeled the association using linear mixed models with random intercepts. RESULTS: Area-level SES and walkability were inversely and significantly associated. Areas with lower SES showed the highest walkability. This pattern did not hold for areas with an increase in education level, where the association was flat (no decrease in walkability with higher SES). Moreover, the association was attenuated in newly built areas: the association was stronger in areas built before 1975, weaker in areas built between 1975 and 1990 and flat in areas built from 1990 on. CONCLUSION: Areas with higher neighborhood socioeconomic status had lower walkability in Madrid. This disadvantage in walkability was not present in recently built or gentrified areas. Int J Health Geogr. 2017 Jun 6;16(1):21. 10.1186/s12942-017-0095-7 1476-072X 1476-072X International journal of health geographics 28587623 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/7605 GIS Neighborhood/pace Physical activity Urbanisation Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project