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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc de la Campa, Adela G author Balsalobre-Arenas, Maria Luz author Ardanuy, Carmen author Fenoll, Asuncion author Pérez-Trallero, Emilio author Liñares, Josefina author 2004-10 Among 2,882 Streptococcus pneumoniae sent to the Spanish Reference Laboratory during 2002, 75 (2.6%) were ciprofloxacin-resistant. Resistance was associated with older patients (3.9% in adults and 7.2% in patients > or =65 years of age), with isolation from noninvasive sites (4.3% vs. 1.0%), and with penicillin and macrolide resistance. Among 14 low-level resistant (MIC 4-8 microg/mL) strains, 1 had a fluoroquinolone efflux phenotype, and 13 showed single ParC changes. The 61 high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (MIC > or =16 microg/mL) strains showed either two or three changes at ParC, ParE, and GyrA. Resistance was acquired either by point mutation (70 strains) or by recombination with viridans streptococci (4 strains) at the topoisomerase II genes. Although 36 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were observed, 5 international multiresistant clones (Spain23F-1, Spain6B-2, Spain9V-3, Spain14-5 and Sweden15A-25) accounted for 35 (46.7%) of the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. Continuous surveillance is needed to prevent the dissemination of these clones. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(10):1751-9. 10.3201/eid1010.040382 1080-6040 Emerging Infectious Diseases 15504260 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/7412 Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Penicillin-resistantStreptococcus pneumoniaeClones, Spain