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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Martinez, Isidoro author Oliveros, Juan Carlos author Cuesta de la Plaza, Isabel author De la Barrera, Jorge author Ausina, Vicente author Casals, Cristina author de Lorenzo, Alba author García, Ernesto author García-Fojeda, Belén author Garmendia, Junkal author González-Nicolau, Mar author Lacoma, Alicia author Menéndez, Margarita author Moranta, David author Nieto, Amelia author Ortin, Juan author Pérez-González, Alicia author Prat-Vidal, Cristina author Ramos-Sevillano, Elisa author Regueiro, Verónica author Rodriguez-Frandsen, Ariel author Solís, Dolores author Yuste, Jose Enrique author Bengoechea, Jose Antonio author Melero, Jose Antonio author 2017-03 Lower respiratory tract infections are among the top five leading causes of human death. Fighting these infections is therefore a world health priority. Searching for induced alterations in host gene expression shared by several relevant respiratory pathogens represents an alternative to identify new targets for wide-range host-oriented therapeutics. With this aim, alveolar macrophages were independently infected with three unrelated bacterial (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two dissimilar viral (respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus) respiratory pathogens, all of them highly relevant for human health. Cells were also activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a prototypical pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Patterns of differentially expressed cellular genes shared by the indicated pathogens were searched by microarray analysis. Most of the commonly up-regulated host genes were related to the innate immune response and/or apoptosis, with Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like receptors among the top 10 signaling pathways with over-expressed genes. These results identify new potential broad-spectrum targets to fight the important human infections caused by the bacteria and viruses studied here. Front Microbiol. 2017 Mar:276. 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00276 1664-302X Frontiers in Microbiology http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13003/9927 28298903 L615662660 2-s2.0-85018302835 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/7379 394973500001 Bacterial infections Core of up-regulated genes Host response Respiratory pathogens Viral infections Apoptosis, Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like Receptors Are Pathways Jointly Induced by Diverse Respiratory Bacterial and Viral Pathogens