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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Yanez-Mo, Maria author Siljander, Pia R. -M. author Andreu, Zoraida author Zavec, Apolonija Bedina author Borras, Francesc E. author Buzas, Edit I. author Buzas, Krisztina author Casal, Enriqueta author Cappello, Francesco author Carvalho, Joana author Colas, Eva author Cordeiro-da Silva, Anabela author Fais, Stefano author Falcon-Perez, Juan Manuel author Ghobrial, Irene M. author Giebel, Bernd author Gimona, Mario author Graner, Michael author Gursel, Ihsan author Gursel, Mayda author Heegaard, Niels H. H. author Hendrix, An author Kierulf, Peter author Kokubun, Katsutoshi author Kosanovic, Maja author Kralj-Iglic, Veronika author Kraemer-Albers, Eva-Maria author Laitinen, Saara author Lasser, Cecilia author Lener, Thomas author Ligeti, Erzsebet author Line, Aija author Lipps, Georg author Llorente, Alicia author Lotvall, Jan author Mancek-Keber, Mateja author Marcilla, Antonio author Mittelbrunn, Maria author Nazarenko, Irina author Nolte-t' Hoen, Esther N. M. author Nyman, Tuula A. author O'Driscoll, Lorraine author Olivan, Mireia author Oliveira, Carla author Pallinger, Eva author del Portillo, Hernando A. author Reventos, Jaume author Rigau, Marina author Rohde, Eva author Sammar, Marei author Sanchez-Madrid, Francisco author Santarem, N. author Schallmoser, Katharina author Ostenfeld, Marie Stampe author Stoorvogel, Willem author Stukelj, Roman author Van der Grein, Susanne G. author Helena Vasconcelos, M. author Wauben, Marca H. M. author De Wever, Olivier author 2015 In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This is due to their capacity to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both recipient and parent cells. While intensive investigation has targeted the role of EVs in different pathological processes, for example, in cancer and autoimmune diseases, the EV-mediated maintenance of homeostasis and the regulation of physiological functions have remained less explored. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the physiological roles of EVs, which has been written by crowd-sourcing, drawing on the unique EV expertise of academia-based scientists, clinicians and industry based in 27 European countries, the United States and Australia. This review is intended to be of relevance to both researchers already working on EV biology and to newcomers who will encounter this universal cell biological system. Therefore, here we address the molecular contents and functions of EVs in various tissues and body fluids from cell systems to organs. We also review the physiological mechanisms of EVs in bacteria, lower eukaryotes and plants to highlight the functional uniformity of this emerging communication system. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015; 4:27066 10.3402/jev.v4.27066 2001-3078 Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 25979354 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/5521 extracellular vesicle microvesicle microparticle exosome physiology prokaryote eukaryote OUTER-MEMBRANE VESICLES CELL-DERIVED EXOSOMES MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS MATURE DENDRITIC CELLS SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST MICROVILLOUS MEMBRANES IMMUNE-MODULATORY FEATURES PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS FACTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions