2026-09-01T17:45:56Zhttps://repisalud.isciii.es/rest/oai/request

oai:repisalud.isciii.es:20.500.12105/276742026-08-21T06:42:58Zcom_20.500.12105_2052com_20.500.12105_2051col_20.500.12105_19610col_20.500.12105_19617

00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Coronel Lopez, Raquel author González-Sastre, Rosa author Mateos-Martínez, Patricia author Maeso Cuesta, Laura author Llorente-Beneyto, Elena author Martín-Benito, Sabela author Costa Gagosian, Viviana S author Foti, Leonardo author González-Caballero, MCarmen author López-Alonso, Victoria author Liste-Noya, Isabel author 2026-03-01 The brain is the most complex human organ, and commonly used models, such as two-dimensional-cell cultures and animal brains, often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research. In this context, human cerebral organoids have emerged as valuable tools offering a more complex, versatile, and human-relevant system than traditional animal models, which are often unable to replicate the intricate architecture and functionality of the human brain. Since human cerebral organoids are a state-of-the-art model for the study of neurodevelopment and different pathologies affecting the brain, this field is currently under constant development, and work in this area is abundant. In this review, we give a complete overview of human cerebral organoids technology, starting from the different types of protocols that exist to generate different human cerebral organoids. We continue with the use of brain organoids for the study of brain pathologies, highlighting neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, neurodegenerative, brain tumor, and infectious diseases. Because of the potential value of human cerebral organoids, we describe their use in transplantation, drug screening, and toxicology assays. We also discuss the technologies available to study cell diversity and physiological characteristics of organoids. Finally, we summarize the limitations that currently exist in the field, such as the development of vasculature and microglia, and highlight some of the novel approaches being pursued through bioengineering. Coronel, R., González-Sastre, R., Mateos-Martínez, P., Maeso, L., Llorente-Beneyto, E., Martín-Benito, S., Costa Gagosian, V. S., Foti, L., González-Caballero, M. C., López-Alonso, V., & Liste, I. (2025). Human cerebral organoids: Complex, versatile, and human-relevant models of neural development and brain diseases. Neural Regeneration Research, 21(3), 837–854. https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01639. 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01639 Neural Regeneration Research 40364645 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/27674 Assembloids Bioengineering Challenges Disease modeling Drug screening and toxicology Human brain organoids Human pluripotent stem cells Neurodegenerative diseases Neurodevelopment Vascularization Human cerebral organoids: Complex, versatile, and human-relevant models of neural development and brain diseases.