2026-07-17T20:27:10Zhttps://repisalud.isciii.es/rest/oai/requestoai:repisalud.isciii.es:20.500.12105/271872026-01-29T01:18:18Zcom_20.500.12105_2052com_20.500.12105_2051col_20.500.12105_19608
Repisalud
author
Signes-Pastor, Antonio J
author
Gutiérrez-González, Enrique
author
García-Villarino, Miguel
author
Rodriguez-Cabrera, Francisco David
author
López-Moreno, Jorge J
author
Varea-Jiménez, Elena
author
Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto
author
Pollan-Santamaria, Marina
author
Navas-Acien, Ana
author
Perez-Gomez, Beatriz
author
Karagas, Margaret R
2026-01-28T10:30:23Z
2026-01-28T10:30:23Z
2021-04
Signes-Pastor AJ, Gutiérrez-González E, García-Villarino M, Rodríguez-Cabrera FD, López-Moreno JJ, Varea-Jiménez E, Pastor-Barriuso R, Pollán M, Navas-Acien A, Pérez-Gómez B, Karagas MR. Toenails as a biomarker of exposure to arsenic: A review. Environ Res. 2021 Apr;195:110286. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110286. Epub 2020 Oct 16. PMID: 33075355; PMCID: PMC7987585.
10.1016/j.envres.2020.110286
Environmental Research
33075355
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/27187
This systematic review summarizes the current evidence related to the reliability of toenail total arsenic concentrations (thereafter "arsenic") as a biomarker of long-term exposure. Specifically, we reviewed literature on consistency of repeated measures over time, association with other biomarkers and metal concentrations, factors influencing concentrations, and associations with health effects. We identified 129 papers containing quantitative original data on arsenic in toenail samples covering populations from 29 different countries. We observed geographic differences in toenail arsenic concentrations, with highest median or mean concentrations in Asian countries. Arsenic-contaminated drinking water, occupational exposure or living in specific industrial areas were associated with an increased toenail arsenic content. The effects of other potential determinants and sources of arsenic exposure including diet, gender and age on the concentrations in toenails need further investigations. Toenail arsenic was correlated with the concentrations in hair and fingernails, and with urine arsenic mainly among highly exposed populations with a toenail mean or median ≥1 μg/g. Overall, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that arsenic content from a single toenail sample may reflect long-term internal dose-exposure. Toenail arsenic can serve as a reliable measure of toxic inorganic arsenic exposure in chronic disease research, particularly promising for cancer and cardiovascular conditions.
eng
Arsenic
Biomarker
Biomonitoring
Exposure
Toenail
Toenails as a biomarker of exposure to arsenic: A review.
review article
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ToenailsBiomarkerExposureArsenic_2021.pdf