2026-08-11T09:38:48Zhttps://repisalud.isciii.es/rest/oai/requestoai:repisalud.isciii.es:20.500.12105/252802025-05-07T09:32:17Zcom_20.500.12105_15322com_20.500.12105_2051col_20.500.12105_16958
Repisalud
author
Rodríguez-Gómez, José A
author
Kavanagh, Edel
author
Engskog-Vlachos, Pinelopi
author
Engskog, Mikael K R
author
Herrera, Antonio J
author
Espinosa-Oliva, Ana M
author
Joseph, Bertrand
author
Hajji, Nabil
author
Venero, José Luis
author
Burguillos, Miguel A
2024-10-23T13:07:23Z
2024-10-23T13:07:23Z
2020-07-17
10.3390/cells9071717
2073-4409
Cells
http://hdl.handle.net/10668/15994
32709045
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/25280
The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
eng
TLR4
TREM2
Caspases
Epigenetics
iPSCs
Inflammation
Metabolomics
Microglia
Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response.
research article