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               <mods:identifier type="citation">Med Phys. 2024 Jun 14.</mods:identifier>
               <mods:identifier type="doi">10.1002/mp.17239</mods:identifier>
               <mods:identifier type="e-issn">2473-4209</mods:identifier>
               <mods:identifier type="journal">Medical physics</mods:identifier>
               <mods:identifier type="pubmedID">38873959</mods:identifier>
               <mods:identifier type="uri">http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/20207</mods:identifier>
               <mods:abstract>BACKGROUND&#xd;
The beam-hardening effect due to the polychromatic nature of the X-ray spectra results in two main artifacts in CT images: cupping in homogeneous areas and dark bands between dense parts in heterogeneous samples. Post-processing methods have been proposed in the literature to compensate for these artifacts, but these methods may introduce additional noise in low-dose acquisitions. Iterative methods are an alternative to compensate noise and beam-hardening artifacts simultaneously. However, they usually rely on the knowledge of the spectrum or the selection of empirical parameters.&#xd;
PURPOSE&#xd;
We propose an iterative reconstruction method with beam hardening compensation for small animal scanners that is robust against low-dose acquisitions and that does not require knowledge of the spectrum, overcoming the limitations of current beam-hardening correction algorithms.&#xd;
METHODS&#xd;
The proposed method includes an empirical characterization of the beam-hardening function based on a simple phantom in a polychromatic statistical reconstruction method. Evaluation was carried out on simulated data with different noise levels and step angles and on limited-view rodent data acquired with the ARGUS/CT system.&#xd;
RESULTS&#xd;
Results in small animal studies showed a proper correction of the beam-hardening artifacts in the whole sample, independently of the quantity of bone present on each slice. The proposed approach also reduced noise in the low-dose acquisitions and reduced streaks in the limited-view acquisitions.&#xd;
CONCLUSIONS&#xd;
Using an empirical model for the beam-hardening effect, obtained through calibration, in an iterative reconstruction method enables a robust correction of beam-hardening artifacts in low-dose small animal studies independently of the bone distribution.</mods:abstract>
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                  <mods:title>Statistical image reconstruction with beam-hardening compensation for X-ray CT by a calibration step (2DIterBH).</mods:title>
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