2026-07-22T20:06:45Zhttps://repisalud.isciii.es/rest/oai/request

oai:repisalud.isciii.es:20.500.12105/184812024-11-28T15:44:31Zcom_20.500.12105_15322com_20.500.12105_2051col_20.500.12105_16927

00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Brioschi Guevara, Andrea author Bieler, Melanie author Altomare, Daniele author Berthier, Marcelo author Csajka, Chantal author Dautricourt, Sophie author Démonet, Jean-François author Dodich, Alessandra author Frisoni, Giovanni B. author Miniussi, Carlo author Molinuevo, José Luis author Ribaldi, Federica author Scheltens, Philip author Chételat, Gael author 2021-10-11 Cognitive complaints in the absence of objective cognitive impairment, observed in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), are common in old age. The first step to postpone cognitive decline is to use techniques known to improve cognition, i.e., cognitive enhancement techniques.We aimed to provide clinical recommendations to improve cognitive performance in cognitively unimpaired individuals, by using cognitive, mental, or physical training (CMPT), non-invasive brain stimulations (NIBS), drugs, or nutrients. We made a systematic review of CMPT studies based on the GRADE method rating the strength of evidence.CMPT have clinically relevant effects on cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. The quality of evidence supporting the improvement of outcomes following a CMPT was high for metamemory; moderate for executive functions, attention, global cognition, and generalization in daily life; and low for objective memory, subjective memory, motivation, mood, and quality of life, as well as a transfer to other cognitive functions. Regarding specific interventions, CMPT based on repeated practice (e.g., video games or mindfulness, but not physical training) improved attention and executive functions significantly, while CMPT based on strategic learning significantly improved objective memory.We found encouraging evidence supporting the potential effect of NIBS in improving memory performance, and reducing the perception of self-perceived memory decline in SCD. Yet, the high heterogeneity of stimulation protocols in the different studies prevent the issuing of clear-cut recommendations for implementation in a clinical setting. No conclusive argument was found to recommend any of the main pharmacological cognitive enhancement drugs ("smart drugs", acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, antidepressant) or herbal extracts (Panax ginseng, Gingko biloba, and Bacopa monnieri) in people without cognitive impairment.Altogether, this systematic review provides evidence for CMPT to improve cognition, encouraging results for NIBS although more studies are needed, while it does not support the use of drugs or nutrients. 10.1186/s13195-021-00844-1 1758-9193 Alzheimer's Research & Therapy http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3748 34635149 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/18481 Subjective cognitive decline Cognitive enhancement Cognitive intervention Mindfulness meditation Physical training Non-invasive brain stimulation Drugs Brain health service Disfunción cognitiva Atención plena Meditación Acondicionamiento físico Protocols for cognitive enhancement. A user manual for Brain Health Services-part 5 of 6