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               <mods:identifier type="citation">Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Mar 17;9:818525</mods:identifier>
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               <mods:abstract>There is scarce information on patients with secondary heart failure diagnosis (sHF). We aimed to compare the characteristics, burden, and outcomes of sHF with those with primary HF diagnosis (pHF).&#xd;
Retrospective, observational study on patients ≥18 years with emergency department (ED) visits during 2018 with pHF and sHF in ED or hospital (ICD-10-CM) diagnostic codes. Baseline characteristics, 30-day and 1-year mortality, readmission and re-ED visit rates, and costs were compared between sHF and pHF.&#xd;
Out of the 797 patients discharged home from the ED, 45.5% had sHF, and these presented lower 1-year hospitalization, re-ED visit rates, and costs. In contrast, out of the 2,286 hospitalized patients, 55% had sHF and 45% pHF. Hospitalized sHF patients had significantly (p &lt; 0.01) greater comorbidity, lower use of recommended HF therapies, longer length of stay (10.8 ± 10.1 vs. 9.7 ± 7.9 days), and higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality (32 vs. 25.8%) with no significant differences in readmission rates and lower 1-year re-ED visit rate. Hospitalized sHF patients had higher total costs (€12,262,422 vs. €9,144,952, p &lt; 0.001), mean cost per patient-year (€9,755 ± 13,395 vs. €8,887 ± 12,059), and average daily cost per patient.&#xd;
Hospitalized sHF patients have a worse initial prognosis, greater use of healthcare resources, and higher costs.</mods:abstract>
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                  <mods:title>Primary vs. Secondary Heart Failure Diagnosis: Differences in Clinical Outcomes, Healthcare Resource Utilization and Cost.</mods:title>
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