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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Gonzalez-Perez, Maria author Montes-Casado, Maria author Conde-San Román, Patricia author Cervera Hernandez, Isabel author Baranda Prellezo, Jana author Berges-Buxeda, Marcos Joaquín author Perez-Olmeda, Mayte author Sanchez-Tarjuelo, Rodrigo author Utrero-Rico, Alberto author Lozano-Ojalvo, Daniel author Torre, Denis author Schwarz, Megan author Guccione, Ernesto author Camara, Carmen author Llópez-Carratalá, Maria del Rosario author Gonzalez-Parra, Emilio author Portoles, Pilar author Ortiz, Alberto author Portoles, Jose author Ochando, Jordi author 2022-03-23 Long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients are considered vulnerable and at high-risk of developing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to their immunocompromised condition. Since COVID-19 associated mortality rates are higher in HD patients, vaccination is critical to protect them. The response towards vaccination against COVID-19 in HD patients is still uncertain and, in particular the cellular immune response is not fully understood. We monitored the humoral and cellular immune responses by analysis of the serological responses and Spike-specific cellular immunity in COVID-19-recovered and naïve HD patients in a longitudinal study shortly after vaccination to determine the protective effects of 1273-mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in these high-risk patients. In naïve HD patients, the cellular immune response measured by IL-2 and IFN-ɣ secretion needed a second vaccine dose to significantly increase, with a similar pattern for the humoral response. In contrast, COVID-19 recovered HD patients developed a potent and rapid cellular and humoral immune response after the first vaccine dose. Interestingly, when comparing COVID-19 recovered healthy volunteers (HV), previously vaccinated with BNT162b2 vaccine to HD patients vaccinated with 1273-mRNA, these exhibited a more robust immune response that is maintained longitudinally. Our results indicate that HD patients develop strong cellular and humoral immune responses to 1273-mRNA vaccination and argue in favor of personalized immune monitoring studies in HD patients, especially if COVID-19 pre-exposed, to adapt COVID-19 vaccination protocols for this immunocompromised population. Front Immunol. 2022 Mar 23;13:845882. 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845882 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology 35401504 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/14871 COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Cellular response Chronic kidney disease Hemodialysis Humoral response Development of Potent Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Long-Term Hemodialysis Patients After 1273-mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination