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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Berglund, Marika author Larsson, Kristin author Grandér, Margaretha author Casteleyn, Ludwine author Kolossa-Gehring, Marike author Schwedler, Gerda author Castaño, Argelia author Esteban-Lopez, Marta author Angerer, Jürgen author Koch, Holger M author Schindler, Birgit K author Schoeters, Greet author Smolders, Roel author Exley, Karen author Sepai, Ovnair author Blumen, Luies author Horvat, Milena author Knudsen, Lisbeth E author Mørck, Thit A author Joas, Anke author Joas, Reinhard author Biot, Pierre author Aerts, Dominique author De Cremer, Koen author Van Overmeire, Ilse author Katsonouri, Andromachi author Hadjipanayis, Adamos author Černá, Milena author Krskova, Andrea author Nielsen, Jeanette K S author Jensen, Janne Fangel author Rudnai, Peter author Középesy, Szilvia author Griffin, Chris author Nesbitt, Ian author Gutleb, Arno C author Fischer, Marc E author Ligocka, Danuta author Jakubowski, Marek author Reis, M Fátima author Namorado, Sónia author Lupsa, Ioana-Rodica author Gurzau, Anca Elena author Halzlova, Katarina author Jajcaj, Michal author Mazej, Darja author Tratnik, Janja Snoj author Lopez-Herranz, Ana author Cañas Portilla, Ana Isabel author Lehmann, Andrea author Crettaz, Pierre author Den Hond, Elly author Govarts, Eva author 2015-08 The metal cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with documented adverse effects on the kidneys and bones from long-term environmental exposure, but with insufficiently elucidated public health consequences such as risk of cardiovascular disease, hormone-related cancer in adults and developmental effects in children. This study is the first pan-European human biomonitoring project that succeeded in performing harmonized measurements of Cd in urine in a comparable way in mother-child couples from 16 European countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the overall Cd exposure and significant determinants of Cd exposure. A study population of 1632 women (24-52 years of age), and 1689 children (5-12 years of age), from 32 rural and urban areas, was examined within a core period of 6 months in 2011-2012. Women were stratified as smokers and non-smokers. As expected, smoking mothers had higher geometric mean (gm) urinary cadmium (UCd; 0.24 µg/g crea; n=360) than non-smoking mothers (gm 0.18 µg/g crea; n=1272; p<0.0001), and children had lower UCd (gm 0.065 µg/g crea; n=1689) than their mothers at the country level. Non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home had 14% (95% CI 1-28%) higher UCd than those who were not exposed to ETS at home (p=0.04). No influence of ETS at home or other places on UCd levels was detected in children. Smoking women with primary education as the highest educational level of the household had 48% (95% CI 18-86%) higher UCd than those with tertiary education (p=0.0008). The same observation was seen in non-smoking women and in children; however they were not statistically significant. In children, living in a rural area was associated with 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.03) compared to living in an urban area. Children, 9-12 years had 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.04) than children 5-8 years. About 1% of the mothers, and 0.06% of the children, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) appointed by EFSA, corresponding to 1.0 µg Cd/g crea in urine. Poland had the highest UCd in comparison between the 16 countries, while Denmark had the lowest. Whether the differences between countries are related to differences in the degree of environmental Cd contamination or to differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status or dietary patterns is not clear. Environ Res. 2015;141:69-76. 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.042 1096-0953 Environmental Research 25465922 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/14180 Biomonitoring Democophes Exposure predictors Mother–child pairs Urinary cadmium Exposure determinants of cadmium in European mothers and their children