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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Sadetzki, Siegal author Langer, Chelsea Eastman author Bruchim, Revital author Kundi, Michael author Merletti, Franco author Vermeulen, Roel author Kromhout, Hans author Lee, Ae-Kyoung author Maslanyj, Myron author Sim, Malcolm R author Taki, Masao author Wiart, Joe author Armstrong, Bruce author Milne, Elizabeth author Benke, Geza author Schattner, Rosa author Hutter, Hans-Peter author Woehrer, Adelheid author Krewski, Daniel author Mohipp, Charmaine author Momoli, Franco author Ritvo, Paul author Spinelli, John author Lacour, Brigitte author Delmas, Dominique author Remen, Thomas author Radon, Katja author Weinmann, Tobias author Klostermann, Swaantje author Heinrich, Sabine author Petridou, Eleni author Bouka, Evdoxia author Panagopoulou, Paraskevi author Dikshit, Rajesh author Nagrani, Rajini author Even-Nir, Hadas author Chetrit, Angela author Maule, Milena author Migliore, Enrica author Filippini, Graziella author Miligi, Lucia author Mattioli, Stefano author Yamaguchi, Naohito author Kojimahara, Noriko author Ha, Mina author Choi, Kyung-Hwa author Mannetje, Andrea 't author Eng, Amanda author Woodward, Alistair author Carretero, Gema author Alguacil, Juan author Aragones, Nuria author Suare-Varela, Maria Morales author Goedhart, Geertje author Schouten-van Meeteren, A author Reedijk, A Ardine M J author Cardis, Elisabeth author Antoinette, Y N author 2014 The rapid increase in mobile phone use in young people has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). MOBI-Kids, a multinational case-control study, investigates the potential effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to EMF from mobile communications technologies on brain tumor risk in 14 countries. The study, which aims to include approximately 1,000 brain tumor cases aged 10-24 years and two individually matched controls for each case, follows a common protocol and builds upon the methodological experience of the INTERPHONE study. The design and conduct of a study on EMF exposure and brain tumor risk in young people in a large number of countries is complex and poses methodological challenges. This manuscript discusses the design of MOBI-Kids and describes the challenges and approaches chosen to address them, including: (1) the choice of controls operated for suspected appendicitis, to reduce potential selection bias related to low response rates among population controls; (2) investigating a young study population spanning a relatively wide age range; (3) conducting a large, multinational epidemiological study, while adhering to increasingly stricter ethics requirements; (4) investigating a rare and potentially fatal disease; and (5) assessing exposure to EMF from communication technologies. Our experience in thus far developing and implementing the study protocol indicates that MOBI-Kids is feasible and will generate results that will contribute to the understanding of potential brain tumor risks associated with use of mobile phones and other wireless communications technologies among young people. Front Public Health. 2014 ;2:124. 2296-2565 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/13942 25295243 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00124 Frontiers in Public Health ELF–EMF RF-EMF Adolescents Children Mobile phones Brain tumors The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk