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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Mulder, Willem J M author Ochando, Jordi author Joosten, Leo A B author Fayad, Zahi A author Netea, Mihai G author 2019-07 Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of diseases in which dysregulated immune responses have an important role. However, most of the immunotherapy strategies currently being developed engage the adaptive immune system. In the past decade, both myeloid (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) and lymphoid (natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells) cell populations of the innate immune system have been shown to display long-term changes in their functional programme through metabolic and epigenetic programming. Such reprogramming causes these cells to be either hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive, resulting in a changed immune response to secondary stimuli. This de facto innate immune memory, which has been termed 'trained immunity', provides a powerful 'targeting framework' to regulate the delicate balance of immune homeostasis, priming, training and tolerance. In this Opinion article, we set out our vision of how to target innate immune cells and regulate trained immunity to achieve long-term therapeutic benefits in a range of immune-related diseases. These include conditions characterized by excessive trained immunity, such as inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, allergies and cardiovascular disease and conditions driven by defective trained immunity, such as cancer and certain infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 Jul;18(7):553-566. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/13807 30967658 10.1038/s41573-019-0025-4 1474-1784 Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery Autoimmune diseases Epigenetics in immune cells Immunotherapy Innate immunity Nanomedicine Therapeutic targeting of trained immunity