Metanálisis: Relación entre factores psicosociales en el trabajo y absentismo laboral

Abstract

[ES] Introducción: De acuerdo con el modelo de demada-control, la elevada demanda laboral, el bajo control sobre el mismo y de forma muy especial la combinación de ambos, supondría un importante riesgo para la salud. El equilibrio entre demanda y control depende, según este modelo, de la organización del trabajo y no de las características individuales de cada persona, aunque, por supuesto, la influencia del ambiente psicosocial de trabajo puede ser, y de hecho es, moderada por las características de la respuesta individual. Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar de manera sistemática aquellos estudios que relacionaban los efectos que sobre el absentismo tienen los factores psicosociales en el seno de las organizaciones, utilizando como elemento principal de valoración el modelo de demanda-control de Karasek, y efectuar un metanálisis para valorar la relación entre ambos. Métodos: Se identificaron las publicaciones a partir de las bases de datos electrónicas Medline (2004 hasta julio de 2009), Embase (2004 hasta marzo de 2009), PsycInfo (2004 hasta julio de 2009) y en la Librería Cochrane (2004 hasta julio de 2009), sin restricciones por motivo de lenguaje. [EN] Introduction: In accordance with the model of demand-control, the overhead labour demand, the low control on itself and in a very special way the combination of both, it would suppose an important risk for health. The balance between demand and control depends, just as this model, on the organization of the work and not on the individual characteristics of each person, although, of course, the influence of the working psychosocial environment can be, and in fact is, moderated by the characteristics of the individual answer. Objectives: The study’s objective was to analyse in a systematic way those studies that related the effects over absenteeism that the psychosocial factors have constituted in the enterprises, using as a main element of assessment, the model of demand-control of Karasek, and to make a meta-analyses to evaluated the relation between both of them. Methods: There were identified publications from the electronics data bases Medline (2004 to July 2009), Embase (2004 to March 2009), PsycInfo (2004 to July 2009) and in the Bookshop Cochrane (2004 to July 2009), without restrictions motivated by language. The keyboards used were absenteeism, sickness absence, psychosocial, occupational and combinations of them that were chosen initially by its inclusion on the meta-analyses. Additionally the appointments mentioned were reviewed in the selected originals to detect some other studies potentially relevant. In this way the ones considered relevant were 51 articles that seemed to fulfil with the object factors of this analyse. Finally there were excluded 2 (3,9%) because of no dates to effect the analyse, 6 (11,7%) to treat about repeated studies or with double publication, 2 (3,9%) to treat about repeated studies with transversal design and the rest 35 (68,6%) because its information was not relevant to be included. Control: The graphic Forest (Fig. 2) shows the meta-analyse result: the relative risk of suffering an episode of absenteeism is statistically significant, with a value of 1,36 (CI: 1,02-1,82) (Table 2). Demand: The risk of suffering an episode of absenteeism is valueless, with a value of 1,01 (IC: 0,91- 1,11). (Table 3). The demand, as an itself dimensioned of these psycho-socials factors, does not seem a related variable or an influence for the occupational absenteeism, the control is really associated to it, repeatedly and consistently.